Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

1. Kneel beside the casualty
2. Place the casualty on their back
3. Tilt the head back gently, supporting the jaw with your fingers. Do not press on the throat. The person's mouth should be only partly open.
4. Seal the casualty's nose with your cheek or use finger and thumb to pinch the nostrils closed. Take a deep breath and place your mouth over the casualty's, sealing off any opening.
5. Keeping the casualty's head tilted, give 5 full breaths in 10 seconds.
6. Check the carotid pulse. See Checking pulse
   If there is no pulse begin CPR. See CPR
7. If there is a pulse, check the casualty's breathing. Put your face close to his or her mouth and listen and feel for air being exhaled.
8. If there is no apparent breathing, continue EAR, first checking that the head is tilted back far enough that the mouth and nose are sealed off so that no air escapes and that the airway is clear. (If the stomach is distended, this may indicate a blacked airway.) Give 1 breath every 4 seconds.
9. After 1 minute check the pulse and breathing again and continue to do so every 2 minutes.
10. When the casualty is breathing again, place him or her in the lateral position and check the airway, breathing and pulse frequently.

1. Kneel beside the casualty.
2. Place the casualty on his or her back, with the head tilted back.
3. Supporting the jaw with your fingers, close the casualty's mouth, and keep it closed, using your thumb on the lower lip.
4. Take a deep breath. Open your mouth wide and place it over the casualty's nose, without compressing the soft nostrils.
5. Breathe into the casualty's nose.
6. Move your mouth away. Open the casualty's lower lip with your thumb to allow exhalation.
7. Continue as for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, steps 5-10 (see above.)

1. Kneel either beside the casualty's head or at the top of the head, facing the feet.
2. Place the narrow end of the mask on the bridge of the casualty's nose. Use both of your hands, place on either side of the jaw, to keep the airway open and to hold the mask firmly in place, creating an airtight seal.
3. Take a deep breath and blow through the mouthpiece of the mask.
4. Remove your moth to allow exhalation.
5. Continue as for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, steps 5-10 (see above.)

1. After clearing the airway, lay the child on his or her back, with the head horizontal, not tilted, and the jaw supported by your hand.
2. Place your mouth over the child's nose and slightly opened mouth. Puff gently, providing just enough air to make the child's chest rise.
3. Continue as for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, steps 5-10 (see above), but giving 1 shallow breath every 3 seconds.

1. Lightly place the tips of your middle two or three fingers on the casualty's Adam's apple, then slide them into the groove between it and the large neck muscle. Feel only one side when taking the pulse; it is easier to feel the pulse on the far side of the neck.
2. Feel for the pulse for 5 seconds.
3. If no pulse is present, begin CPR immediately.

1. Kneel beside the upper body and head of the casualty.
2. Leave the casualty on his or her back.
3. Locate the middle point of the breastbone: run the fingers of both your hands along the lowest rib on both sides, starting on the outside and moving inwards until they meet in the middle. Leave the index finger of one of your hands on this point. Place the index finger of your other hand in the groove between the collar bones (that is, the top of the breastbone.)
4. Keep your hand that is nearer the casualty's head in this position. Place the heel of your other hand just below it, on the lower half of the breastbone: your fingers should be relaxed, slightly raised and pointing across the chest.
5. Place your hand that is nearer the casualty's head on top of your other hand, interlocking its fingers with those of the lower one or locking its thumb around the wrist of the lower one.
6. Keep your arms straight and, using the heel of your lower hand, depress the breastbone about 4-5cm, without exerting any pressure on the ribs. Release the pressure, allowing the chest to expand, but do not remove your hands. Continue the compressions, rhythmically depressing then releasing.
   
   If you are alone: depress the breastbone 15 times in 10-12 seconds, then apply EAR, giving 2 breaths in 3-5 seconds.
   
   If you have help: one person should do the chest compressions, then allow the other person to give EAR. Give 5 compressions then 1 breath, in 5 seconds. The person applying compression needs to count out loud so that, at the end of the fifth one, EAR is given by the other helper without any pause.
   
   
7. Check the pulse after 1 minute, then every 2 minutes. If there is no pulse, continue CPR. If there is a pulse but breathing has not returned, stop CPR and continue EAR only.
8. When both pulse and breathing resume, place the person in the lateral position and wait with him or her until medical help arrives.

1. Find the middle of the breastbone (see above CPR for adults, steps 1-3.)
2. Place the heel of your hand that is nearer the child's abdomen just below the middle point of the breastbone, with your fingers relaxed, slightly raised and pointing across the chest.
3. Using only this heel, and not the other hand as well, depress the chest about 2-3cm, working gently and rhythmically.
   
   If you are alone: give 15 compressions, then 2 quick, shallow breaths, in 10 seconds.
   
   If you have help: give 5 compressions, then 1 quick, shallow breath, in 3 seconds.

1. Find the middle of the breastbone (see above CPR for adults, steps 1-3.)
2. To apply compression use only the index and middle fingers of your hand on the lower half of the breastbone. Depress the chest lightly about 1.5cm.
   
   If you are alone: give 15 compressions, then 2 quick, shallow breaths, in 10 seconds.
   
   If you have help: give 5 compressions, then 1 quick shallow breath in 3 second.